See barkuz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Boark"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "berk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Boark"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "berk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*berk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Boarke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "barke"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Boarke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "borke"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*barku"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "barc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "berc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "barc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "berc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*berk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "börkur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "børkur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "bork"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "bork’e"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "børk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "barker"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Old Danish",
"lang_code": "gmq-oda",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "barke"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "barc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "bǫrkr"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Samic",
"lang_code": "smi-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*pārkkō"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*barkunz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *barkunz",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*bʰerHǵ-s",
"t": "birch bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ-s (“birch bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰerHǵós",
"t": "birch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (“birch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "barmë",
"t": "bast"
},
"expansion": "Albanian barmë (“bast”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably a back-formed noun from the accusative plural *bʰorǵ-ns (> Proto-Germanic *barkunz) of a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ-s (“birch bark”), itself related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (“birch”). A semantically close cognate is Albanian barmë (“bast”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "barkuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barkų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barkauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barkū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "*barkuz m",
"name": "gem-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barkuz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bark of a tree"
],
"id": "en-barkuz-gem-pro-noun-BufIB5L9",
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "barką"
},
{
"word": "berhtaz"
},
{
"word": "berkō"
},
{
"word": "birkijǭ"
},
{
"word": "burkō"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*rindǭ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɑr.kuz/"
}
],
"word": "barkuz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Boark"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "berk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Boark"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "berk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*berk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Boarke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "barke"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Boakj"
}
],
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Borke"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Boarke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "borke"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*barku"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "barc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "berc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "barc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "berc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*berk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "börkur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "børkur"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "bork"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "bork’e"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "børk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "barker"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Old Danish",
"lang_code": "gmq-oda",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bark"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bark"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "barke"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "barc"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "bǫrkr"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Samic",
"lang_code": "smi-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*pārkkō"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*barkunz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *barkunz",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*bʰerHǵ-s",
"t": "birch bark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ-s (“birch bark”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*bʰerHǵós",
"t": "birch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (“birch”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "barmë",
"t": "bast"
},
"expansion": "Albanian barmë (“bast”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably a back-formed noun from the accusative plural *bʰorǵ-ns (> Proto-Germanic *barkunz) of a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ-s (“birch bark”), itself related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (“birch”). A semantically close cognate is Albanian barmë (“bast”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "barkuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "barkų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barkauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barkiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "barkū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "barkumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "*barkuz m",
"name": "gem-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barkuz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "barką"
},
{
"word": "berhtaz"
},
{
"word": "berkō"
},
{
"word": "birkijǭ"
},
{
"word": "burkō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic u-stem nouns",
"gem-pro:Trees"
],
"glosses": [
"bark of a tree"
],
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*rindǭ"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɑr.kuz/"
}
],
"word": "barkuz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for barkuz meaning in All languages combined (6.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.